In 1975, Civic Education in Ten Countries: An Empirical Study was published. The study was conducted by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), which had published results of international tests since the 1960s. The IEA is today most known for its studies … 
international large-scale assessments
data friction and precarious knowledge: IEA and the movement of data in the 1960s and 1970s
In today’s increasingly data-driven world, we constantly encounter numbers that seem to have fallen from heaven: neat, tidy, and impossible to question, imposing a sense of order on a chaotic world. In education, this is clearly demonstrated by the role of international large-scale assessments such …